Association of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Chronic Periodontitis in Postmenopausal Women after Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy.

Objectives: Vitamin D deficiency appears to have a major effect on periodontal tissue health. The present study aimed to assess the association of the serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and chronic periodontitis in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: This research was done on 30 postmenopausal women with chronic periodontitis who all had at least 20 natural teeth. Intravenous blood samples were taken from the study population at baseline and after completion of non-surgical periodontal treatment. This was followed by assessment of serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Next, clinical parameters of all teeth except for third molars were measured, which included pocket depth (PD), gingival index (GI), and plaque index (PI). Data were analyzed by paired t-test and its non-parametric equivalent, the Wilcoxon test. P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean PD, PI and GI before and after the intervention were significantly different (P<0.05). There was, however, no significant difference between the mean vitamin D concentrations before and after treatment (P>0.05). Conclusion: According to the results obtained in the present study, there is no association between serum vitamin D concentrations and chronic periodontitis in postmenopausal women.

Effect of different mouthwashes on the shear bond strength and surface roughness of intraoral and heat-cured soft liners.

Background: The present study aimed to determine the effect of mouthwashes on the shear bond strength (SBS) and surface roughness (SR) of soft liners. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, a total of 72 samples were prepared to evaluate the SBS (n = 36 for each liner). An autopolymerized (Mollosil Plus) and a heat-polymerized liner (Molloplast B) were injected in between two blocks of heat-processed acrylic resin (Triplex). The samples in each liner group were subdivided into three subgroups. Control group samples were totally stored in distilled water. In test groups, samples were immersed in chlorhexidine (CHX) or mouthwash containing ginger extract for 30 min daily. After 20 days, the SBSs were evaluated using a universal testing machine. To evaluate the SR, 30 disk-shaped samples (15mm*10mm) were prepared for each type of liners and stored in the similar solutions; distilled water, CHX and ginger mouthwash (n=10). SR was measured at 1 day and after 90 days with a profilometer. One-way ANOVA, independent t-test, and paired t-test were used to analyze data. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The SBS in Molloplast B liner was significantly higher than Mollosil regardless of type of solution (P < 0.001). In both liners, the mean SBS was not statistically different between the three groups of solutions. Changes in SR were not statistically significant after 90 days, except for the Mollosil group, immersed in ginger extract solution which was increased (P = 0.04). Conclusion: SBS of either group of liners did not change in both mouthwashes; However, SBS of heat-polymerized liner was higher than autopolymerized in all groups. Ginger extract-containing mouthwash increased SR of autopolymerized liner used in this study; whereas, there were no significant changes in the heat-cured liner. According to this study, CHX can be used for the disinfection of prosthesis lined with either type of liners.

Evaluating the effect of probiotic supplementation in the form of mouthwash along with scaling and root planing on periodontal indices in patients with stage III and grade A generalized periodontitis: A randomized clinical trial.

Background: Periodontal disease is a chronic polymicrobial infectious condition. Non-surgical treatments, including scaling and root planing (SRP) with or without adjunctive treatments, are among the recommended treatment options for this condition. This study investigated the effect of probiotic supplementation in the form of mouthwash with SRP on periodontal indices in patients with stage III grade A generalized periodontitis. Methods: Thirty-six patients were randomly assigned to two groups (n=18) and received SRP treatment along with a placebo in one group and probiotic supplementation in the other. After SRP, the test group used daily probiotics for 20 days. The control group subjects were treated only with SRP and placebo mouthwash. Periodontal indices were determined at three time intervals: at baseline and after one and three months. The data were analyzed using SPSS 17. P<0.05 was considered statistically significantd. Results: There were significant differences in BOP levels in both the test and control groups between different intervals, with no significant difference between the groups. The significance of changes in the CAL and PI indices were similar to those in BOP. There were significant differences in PD levels between the groups after one and three months using the mouthwash. There were also significant differences between the PD values at different intervals in both groups. Conclusion: This study's results showed that probiotic supplementation as a mouthwash, along with SRP, had a positive effect on periodontal indices in patients with stage III and grade A generalized periodontitis.

Effect of IL-36γ expression on chronic periodontitis with an increase in NF-KB signaling pathway.

Background: An inappropriate inflammatory response is the cause of many common diseases, especially periodontitis. Considering that no studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of IL-36γ on chronic periodontitis, this study aimed to investigate the inflammatory mechanism of IL-36γ by stimulating macrophage cells using NF-KB pathway. Methods: This experimental study was performed on 50 healthy individuals and 50 subjects with chronic periodontitis. In this study, macrophage cells were extracted first, and then RNA was isolated from all the samples using TRIzol method. Subsequently, the rate of IL-36γ gene expression was analyzed and compared using real-time PCR technique. Additionally, immunofluorescence (IF) technique was used to investigate the rate of inflammation. The rate of NF-Kb expression was also measured via western blot technique. Finally, statistical analysis of the samples was carried out using appropriate statistical methods with SPSS 17. Results: The results showed that the rate of IL-36γ expression in subjects with periodontitis was higher compared to healthy subjects (P<0.05). Moreover, the results showed that following treatment of cells with TLR4, the rate of IL36γ expression increased significantly, especially during the 12-hour period after treatment. Conclusion: This indicates that after stimulating the TLR pathways, the rate of IL-36γ expression will probably increase.

Evaluation of the effect of IL-36γ expression on chronic periodontitis by enhancing the MAPK and TLR4 signaling pathways: A basic research.

Background. Periodontitis is an infectious and inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of the tooth caused by specific microorganisms or a group of microorganisms and, if not treated, leads to progressive degradation of the supporting tissues and subsequent loss of the teeth affected. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of IL-36γ on periodontitis by enhancing the TLR4 and MAPK signaling pathways. Methods. In this pilot study, 50 patients with generalized moderate-to-severe chronic periodontitis and 50 individuals with healthy periodontium, who were candidates for crown lengthening (CL), were selected based on inclusion criteria. The tissue samples were taken during pocket depth surgery (for the test group) and CL surgery (for the control group). The macrophage cells of the inflammatory tissues were extracted and stimulated by TLR4 proteins in a time-dependent manner; then IL-36γ levels in macrophages were investigated. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (means ± standard deviations and frequency percentages). Repeat measurement test was used to compare IL36γ expression in MAPK and TLR4 pathways at different time intervals. ANCOVA was used to compare IL36γ expression at different time intervals between the two pathways. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 17 at a significance level of P<0.05. Results. The results of the current study showed a significant relation between TLR4 and IL-36γ (P<0.001); in tissues with generalized moderate-to-severe chronic periodontitis, there was a significant relation between the condition and IL-36γ (P<0.0001). This study also showed that TLR4 and MAPK levels increased in the presence of IL-36γ. Conclusion. According to the present study, it was concluded that IL-36γ concentrations increased in periodontitis, which could trigger MAPK and TLR4 pathways.

Evaluation of Periodontal Status of Adjacent Teeth to Posterior Single- Tooth Implant during a One-Year Period after Restoration: A Cross- Sectional Study

Objective: To evaluate the periodontal status of teeth adjacent to the posterior single tooth implant during one year after restoration. Material and Methods: In this crosssectional study, 36 patients, which were systematically and had received the implant(s) of single posterior teeth over the past year were selected. The teeth adjacent to singleposterior tooth implants were evaluated regarding bleeding on probing, mobility, gingivitis and periodontal pockets during the follow up period of 3, 6 and 9 months under the supervision of two specialists. To investigate the relationship between periodontal statuses, the Chi-square test was used, and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to assess statistical significance of periodontal indexes in the period under assessment. The p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: There was no significant relationship between the variable of bleeding on probing, mobility, gingivitis and periodontal pocket in the studied distal and mesial teeth. Out of studied patients, after 9 months, only 11.1% had one of the periodontal problems, as a result, 88.9% of crowns replacement of single-posterior tooth does not make any periodontal damages to adjacent teeth. Conclusion: Crowns replacement of implant does not have any destructive impact on periodontal condition of adjacent teeth.

Effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on serum albumin levels in patients with chronic periodontitis.

Background: Albumin is a protein whose serum levels decrease in inflammatory conditions such as periodontal diseases. This study was undertaken to evaluate changes in serum albumin levels in patients with and without periodontal diseases prior and subsequent to non-surgical periodontal treatment and its relationship with clinical parameters of periodontal disease. Methods: Twenty patients diagnosed as having chronic periodontitis and 20 periodontally healthy subjects, referring to Tabriz Faculty of Dentistry, were selected. Serum albumin levels and clinical variables of periodontal disease (probing pocket depth, gingival index, bleeding index, clinical attachment level and plaque index) were determined before treatment and three months subsequent to non-surgical periodontal treatment. Data were subjected to descriptive statistical analyses (mean ± SD). Serum levels of albumin and clinical parameters were compared between the two groups with independent-samples t-test. Paired-samples t-test was applied to compare the variables before and after treatment in the case group. Statistical significance was defined at P<0.05. Results: The mean serum albumin level of chronic periodontitis patients (3.62±0.11 mg/dL) exhibited a significantly lower value compared to subjects who were periodontally healthy (4.17±0.29 mg/dL), with the serum albumin levels increasing significantly three months postoperatively (3.78±0.33 mg/dL), approaching the level in subjects who were periodontally healthy (P<0.05). Conclusion: Decreases and increases in serum albumin levels under the effect of periodontal disease and its treatment indicated an inverse relationship between the albumin levels of serum and chronic periodontitis.

Radiographic comparison of density and height of posterior maxillary bone after open sinus lift surgery with and without PRF.

Background: Expansion of maxillary sinus towards the alveolar crest due to tooth loss or horizontal‒vertical resorption of the alveolar bone decreases the available bone for the placement of dental implants in the posterior maxilla. The method suggested for placing implants with a standard length is the use of sinus lift surgery with autogenous bone graft or bone substitute materials. The aim of the present research, with split-mouth design, was radiographic comparison of the density and height of the posterior of maxillary bone after open sinus lift procedure with and without PRF. Materials and Methods: In this split-mouth clinical trial, 14 patients were evaluated, with complete or partial bilateral edentulism of the upper jaw. In each case, for the sinus lift surgery of the test side, PRF was used, while in the sinus lift surgery of the other side of the same patient no graft materials were used. After six months and before the second surgery, CBCT was used to evaluate bone density and height. Results: All the 41 implants were osseointegrated and were clinically stable. The bone height was 1.42 mm higher in the PRF group than the group without PRF, which was statistically significant. The mean density of the bone formed around the dental implants in the PRF group was 52.85 units higher than that of the group without PRF, which was statistically significant. Conclusion: Using PRF in sinus lift surgery might enhance the quantity and quality of bone formation.

Association between demographic and radiographic characteristics of the schneiderian membrane and periapical and periodontal diseases using cone-beam computed tomography scanning: A retrospective study.

Background. This study was undertaken to assess the pathological and spatial associations between periapical and periodontal diseases of the maxillary first molars and thickening of maxillary sinus mucosa with cone-beam computed tomography. Methods. A total of 132 CBCT images of subjects 20‒60 years of age were evaluated retrospectively. The patients' sex and age and demographic and pathologic findings of the maxillary sinus in the first molar area were recorded, graded and analyzed. Results. Approximately 59% of patients were male and 41% were female, with no significant difference in the thickness of schneiderian membrane between males and females. Based on the periapical index scoring, the highest frequency was detected in group 1. Based on the results of ANOVA, there were no significant differences in the frequencies of endodontic‒periodontal lesions and an increase in schneiderian membrane thickness. There were significant relationships between periapical and periodontal infections (P<0.001) and schneiderian membrane thickness. Furthermore, a significant relationship was detected between the thickness of the schneiderian membrane and the distance between the sinus floor and the root apices (P=0.38). Conclusion. A retrospective inspection of CBCT imaging revealed that periapical lesions and periodontal infections in the posterior area of the maxilla were associated with thickening of the schneiderian membrane. In addition, there was a significant relationship between the location of maxillary posterior teeth, i.e. the thickness of bone from the root apex to the maxillary sinus floor, and schneiderian membrane thickness.